PRENATAL STIMULATION PROGRAMMES USED FOR ENHANCING POSTNATAL BONDING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/449Keywords:
maternal-infant attachment, maternal-infant bonding, neonatal period, perinatal period, perinatal stimulation programmeAbstract
Prenatal stimulation programmes enhance bonding that serves as a protective factor after birth. The Baby Bond stimulation programme is a sensory focussed prenatal stimulation programme implemented during the third trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of this programme for bonding six weeks after birth.
This study employed an experimental, pre-test post-test randomised controlled intervention design. All participants completed the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) as pre-test and received standard prenatal care. The experimental group received The Baby Bond sensory focussed stimulation programme and the control group a non-specific stimulation programme. At six weeks postnatally all mothers completed the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) as post-test.
The results indicated that the average maternal age at the pre-test was 27 years at 31.8 weeks of gestation. The total difference in the pre-test (PAI) of the experimental (66.45 ±7.04) and control group (66.36 ± 10.03) was not significant (p = 1). The mean difference for the post-test (MAI) for the experimental group (101.03 ± 3.62) was also not significantly different to the control group (94.85 ± 11.87; p = 0.53). However, a medium practical significant difference (d = 0.52) was identified between the experimental and control groups. The data indicated that a sensory focussed stimulation programme, such as The Baby Bond seemed to enhance the bonding process experienced by mothers, suggesting that larger sample sizes should be investigated in future. Expanded inclusion criteria should however be considered, including wider age ranges and multi-parity.
Metrics
References
Bavolek, S.J. & Rogers, M.S. 2012. The nurturing parenting programs are building protective factors in families. http://nurturingparenting.com/images/cmsfiles/ nppsixprotectivefactors.pdf. (Date of access: 7 November 2014.)
Benatar, S.R., Bhoola, K.D., Cleaton-Jones, P.E., De Klerk, W.A., Du Toit, D., Herman, A., Labuschagne, A., Leibowitz, M., Louw, D.J., Matsiliza, N., MBewu, A.D., Orr, W., Poggenpoel, M., Roberts, C., Van Niekerk, A.A., Van Oosten, F.F.W. & Van Wyk, C.W. 2007. Guidelines on ethics for medical research: general principles. 4th ed. Book 1: General principles including research on children, vulnerable groups, international collaboration and epidemiology. 4th ed. Cape Town: Medical Research Council.
Botma, Y., Greeff, M., Mulaudzi, F.M. & Wright, S.C.D. 2010. Research in health sciences. Cape Town: Pearson Education.
Burke, C.A. 2007. The effects of an 18-hour prenatal attachment program on maternal emotional attachment. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Capella University. (Ph D Dissertation)
Burns, N. & Grove, S.K. 2009. The practice of nursing research: appraisel, synthesis, and generation of evidence. 6th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier.
Carolan, M., Barry, M., Gamble, M., Turner, K. & Mascareñas, O. 2012. The Limerick Lullaby project: an intervention to relieve prenatal stress. Midwifery, 28:173-180.
Elliot, L. 1999. What’s going on in there? Auckland: Bantam Books.
Field, A. 2013. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 4th ed. Singapore: Sage.
Gau, M. & Lee, T. 2003. Construct validity of the prenatal attachment inventory: a confirmatory factor analysis approach. Journal of Nursing Research, 11(3):177-187.
Glass, P. 2002. Development of the visual system and implications for early intervention. Infants and Young Children, 15(1):1-10.
Harrison, V.C. 2008. The newborn baby. 5th ed. Cape Town: Juta.
Herman, A.A., Stein, D.J., Seedat, S., Heeringa, S.G., Moomal, H. & Williams, D.R. 2009. The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: 12- month and lifetime prevalence of common mental disorders. South African Medical Journal, 99(5):339-344.
Honikman, S. 2011. Perinatal mental health project. http://www.westerncape.gov.za/other/ 2011/11/maternal_mental_health.pdf. (Date of access: 1 November 2014.)
Malekpour, M. 2007. Effects of attachment on early and later development. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 53(2):81-95.
Muller, M.E. 1993. Development of the prenatal attachment inventory. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 15(2):199-215.
Muller, M.E. 1996. Prenatal and postnatal attachment: a modest correlation. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 25(2):161-166.
Myers, T. 2006. Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions. 7th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier.
National Department of Health (NDoH). 2007a. National guidelines for maternity care in South Africa. 3rd ed. Pretoria: Department of Health.
National Department of Health (NDoH). 2007b. Statistics 2011. http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/? page_id=1021&id=city-of-cape-town-municipality. (Date of access: 21 September 2014.)
Sadock, B.J., Kaplan, H.I. & Sadock, V.A. 2007. Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. 10th ed. New York: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.
Sickel, A.E. 2013. Psychology & pregnancy. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 28(3):9-10.
Statistics South Africa. (StasSa) 2011. Marriages and divorces 2011. http://www.statssa.gov.za/ publications/p0307/p03072011.pdf. (Date of access: 21 September 2014.)
Stolberg, H.O., Norman, G. & Trop, I. 2004. Randomized controlled trails. American Journal of Roentgenology, 183(6):1539-1544.
Tomlinson, M., O’Connor, M.J., Le Roux, I.M., Stewart, J., Mbewu, N., Harwood, J. & Rotheram-Borus, M.J. 2013. Multiple risk factors during pregnancy in South Africa: the need for a horizontal approach to perinatal care. Prevention Science, 15(3):277-282.
Van de Carr, F.R. & Lehrer, M. 1988. Prenatal University: commitment to fetal-family bonding and the strengthening of the family unit as an educational institution. Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 3(2):87-102.
Yamanda, Y., Fujji, K. & Kuniyoshi, Y. 2013. Impacts of environment, nervous system and movements of preterms on body map development: Fetus stimulation with spiking neural network. (The Third IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL).
Young, R. 2013. Importance of bonding. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 28(3):11-16.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Accepted 2016-02-25
Published 2016-07-15
