The Making of Pentecostal Zambia: A Brief History of Pneumatic Spirituality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1763Keywords:
Zambian pentecostalism, Christian Nation, History, SpiritualityAbstract
While Zambian pentecostalism existed since early 1950s, if not earlier, the movement only started making its presence felt from late 1980s. The declaration of Zambia as Christian Nation toward the end of 1991 by President Fredrick Chiluba functioned as a catalysis and an epochal moment acceleration in pentecostal explosion in the country. This paper seeks to explore the ecclesiastical and theological transformations that have taken place within Zambian pentecostalism and also demonstrate the factors that helped create an atmosphere wherein increasing numbers of Zambians embracing this kind of spirituality.
References
ACZ. “Our History.†http://apostolicchurchinzambia.com/index.php/about/our-history, (accessed July 25, 2016).
Anderson, Allan H. 2001. “Types and Butterflies: African Initiated Churches and European Typologies.†International Bulletin of Missionary Research: 107–113.
Anderson, Allan H. 2015. “Stretching Out Hands to God: Origins and Development of Pentecostalism in Africa.†in Pentecostalism in Africa: Presence and Impact of Pneumatic Christianity in Postcolonial Societies, edited by Martin Lindhardt, 54–74. Leiden: Brill Academic.
Anderson, Allan. 2005. “The Origins of Pentecostalism and its Global Spread in the Early Twentieth Century.†Transformation 22(3): 175–185;
Anderson, Allan. 2014. An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. 2012. “Review: Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria, by Marshall Ruth, pp. x+349, Chicago–London: University of Chicago Press, 2009, $24 (paper).†The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 63 (4): 857–858.
Ayegba, Usman Solomon. 2015. “Unemployment and Poverty as Sources and Consequence of Insecurity in Nigeria: The Boko Haram Insurgency Revisited.†African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 9(3): 90–99.
Brogdon, Lewis. 2015. The New Pentecostal Message?: An Introduction to the Prosperity Movement. Eugene: Cascade Books, 2015.
Brown, Candy G. ed. 2011. Global Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, Rebecca. 1986. He Came to Set the Captives Free. Chino, CA: Chick Publications.
Burgess, Richard. 2012. “Pentecostals and Political Culture in Sub-Sahara Africa: Nigeria, Zambia, and Kenya as Case Studies.†in Global Pentecostal Movements: Migration, Mission, and Public Religion, edited by Michael Wilkinson, 17–42. Leiden: Brill.
Cartledge, Mark J. 2003. Practical Theology: Charismatic and Empirical Perspectives. Eugene: Wipf and Stock.
Chalwe, Adriano. 2008. “An Evaluation of the Mission History of Pentecostal Assemblies of God in Zambia.â€PhD thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom.
Cheyeka, Austin. 2008. “Towards a History of the Charismatic Churches in Post-colonial Zambia,†in One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia edited by Jan-Bart Gewald, Marja Hinfelaar and Giacomo Macola, 144–163. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.
Chiluba, Frederick TJ. 1993. “Chiluba praying during funeral of the Zambia National team in 1993.†https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhCoAqB8J60, (accessed October 17, 2016).
Chipulu, Priscilla. 2017. “Church of God Turns to Court.†Zambia Daily Mail Limited. https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/church-of-god-turns-to-court/(accessed 19 May 2017)
Chitando, Ezra, Molly Manyonganise and Obert Bernard Mlambo. 2013. “Young, Male and Polished: Masculinities, Generational Shifts and Pentecostal Prophets in Zimbabwe.†in Prophets, Profits and the Bible in Zimbabwe: Festschrift for Aynos Masotcha Moyo edited by Ezra Chitando, Masiiwa Ragies Gunda, Joachim Kügler, 151–170. Nürnberg: University of Bamberg Press.
Church of God Zambia. No date. “Church Of God Zambia (HQ., Cleveland TN, USA).†http://churchofgodwmzambia.weebly.com/ (accessed 19 May 2017).
Colson, Elizabeth. 2006. Tonga Religious Life in the Twentieth Century.Lusaka: Bookworld Publishers.
Daneel, Marthinus. 1987. Quest for Belonging – Introduction to a Study of Independent Churches. Gweru: Mambo Press.
Easter, John L. “The Indigenous Church: Advancing Our Missions Strategy for the Next 100 Years.†http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/201404/201404_086_Indigenous_Church.cfm, (accessed July 18, 2016).
EFZ. “Our Executive Board Members.†http://www.efzsecretariat.org (accessed October 17, 2016).
Elim. “Zambia.†https://www.elimmissions.co.uk/missionaries/country.asp? (accessed July 25, 2016).
Eni, Emmanuel. 1988. Delivered from the Powers of Darkness. Ibadan: Scripture Union.
Fenza. “Churches/Christian Communities in Bauleni Compound (Lusaka).†http://www.fenza.org/docs/ben/churches_in_bauleni_compound.pdf, (accessed July 19, 2016).
Freston, Paul. 1995. “Pentecostalism in Brazil: A Brief History.†Religion 25: 119–133.
George, Bill. 2010. Until All Have Heard: The Centennial History of the Church of God World Missions. Cleveland: The Church of God World Missions.
Gifford, Paul. 1998. African Christianity: Its Public Role. London: Hurst & Company.
Gifford, Paul. 1998. “Chiluba's Christian nation: Christianity as a factor in Zambian politics 1991–1996â€. Journal of Contemporary Religion 13(3): 363–381 (accessed 19 May 2017), DOI: 10.1080/13537909808580842.
Gifford, Paul. 2001. “The Complex Provenance of some Elements of African Pentecostal Theology.†in Between Babel and Pentecost; Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America edited by André Corten, Ruth Marshall-Fratani 62–79. London: Hurst & Co.
Haynes, Naomi. 2012. “Ambitious Obligations: Pentecostalism, Social life, and Political Economy on the Zambian Copperbelt.†PhD thesis, University Of California, San Diego.
Hodges, Melvin. 1953. The Indigenous Church. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Hollenweger, Walter J. 1997. Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publications.
House of Chiefs. “On Religion and Leadership.†http://www.houseofchiefs.com/2009/08/on-religion-and-leadership.html, (accessed July 26, 2016).
Inculturation Task Force/Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection. 2004. Traditional Healing: A Pastoral Challenge for the Catholic Church in Zambia. Lusaka: Inculturation Task Force/Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection.
Jenkins, Philip. 2006. The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South. New York: Oxford University Press.
Johnson, Todd M. and Gina A. Zurlo eds. 2016. World Christian Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill
Kalu, Ogbu. "Decolonization and African Churches: The Nigerian Experience, 1955–1975." http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/papers/s7/s7-kalu.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
Kalu, Ogbu. 2008. African Pentecostalism: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kangwa, Jonathan. 2006. “Pentecostalisation of Mainline Churches in Africa: The Case of the United Church of Zambia.â€The Expository Times: 1–12.
Kaniaki, D. D. and Evangelist Mukendi. 1991. Snatched from Satan's Claws: An Amazing Deliverance by Christ. Nairobi: ENKEI Media Services.
Kashoka, Ignatius (Chief Ngabwe). 2014. “The Ngabwe Covenant Made By Ignatius Mawala Kashoka, Chief Ngabwe the 6th, Mukutuma Mfumu the 2nd,†At An Altar Of 5 Stones Raised At His Temporary Palace, Tuesday April 8, 2014: 1–2.
Khai, Chin Khua. 2005. “Assemblies of God and Pentecostalism in Myanmar,†Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia edited by Allan Anderson and Edmond Tang, 261–280. Oxford: Regnum.
Kirsch, Thomas G. 2003. “Church, Bureaucracy, and State. Bureaucratic Formalization in a Pentecostal Church of Zambia.†Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 128(2): 213–231.
Lado, Ludovic. 2009. Catholic Pentecostalism and the Paradoxes of Africanization: Processes of Localization in a Catholic Charismatic Movement in Cameroon. Leiden: Brill.
Landfair, Valerie. 2014. “Eschatological Prayer in African Pentecostalism,†in Pentecostal Theology in Africa edited by Clifton R. Clarke, 93–111. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick.
Lumbe, John MK. 2009 “Origins and Growth of Pentecostal and Neo-Pentecostal Church Movements in Zambia Between 1989–2000.†Master of Theology dissertation, University of South Africa.
M’fundisi, Naar. 2014. “Pentecostal and Charismatic Spiritualities and Civic Engagement in Zambia (1964–2012).†PhD thesis, University of Birmingham.
Mambo, John H. 2017. “Bishop John Mamba Spills the Beans, Reveals How African Churches are discriminated by Americans.†Lusakatimes.com. https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/14/bishop-john-mamba-spills-the-beans-reveals-how-african-churches-are-discriminated-by-americans/(accessed 19 May 2017)
Mandryk, Jason ed. 2010. Operation World Country Profiles, 7th edition. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Biblica.
Mangena, Fainos and Samson Mhizha. 2013. “The Rise of White Collar Prophecy in Zimbabwe: A Psycho-Ethical Statement.†in Prophets, Profits and the Bible in Zimbabwe: Festschrift for Aynos Masotcha Moyo edited by Ezra Chitando, Masiiwa R. Gunda, and Joachim Kügler, 133–152. Nürnberg: University of Bamberg Press.
Manyonganise, Molly. 2016. “Christianity in Zimbabwe,†in Anthology of African Christianity, edited by Isabel Phiri, Dietrich Werner, Chammah Kaunda and Kennedy Owino 766–771. Oxford: Regnum.
Maxwell, David. 1998. “‘Delivered from the Spirit of Poverty?’: Pentecostalism, Prosperity and Modernity in Zimbabwe.†Journal of Religion in Africa 28(3): 350–373.
Maxwell, David. 2006. African Gifts of the Spirit: Pentecostalism and the Rise of a Zimbabwean Transnational Religious Movement. Oxford: James Currey.
Mbewe, Conrad. 2014. “Why is the Charismatic Movement Thriving in Africa?â€, Grace to You. http://www.gty.org/Blog/B130724, (accessed July 20, 2016).
Meyer, Birgit. 1995. "Magic, Mermaids and Modernity: The Attraction of Pentecostalism in Africa.†Etnofoor 2: 47–67.
Milingo, Emmanuel. 1984. The World in Between: Christian Healing and the Struggle for Spiritual Survival. London: Orbis Books.
Miller, Denzil R. 2005. From Azusa to Africa to the Nations. Springfield: Assemblies of God World Mission.
Mujenja, Fison. 2014. “Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 135: The Employment Status of Zambians: Official Definitions versus Citizen Perceptions.†http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Briefing%20paper/afrobriefno135.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
Musika, Chomba. 2016. “South chief commends Lungu for love.†Zambia Daily Mail Limited. https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/south-chief-commends-lungu-for-love/ (accessed 19 May 2017).
Mutungu, Derek, 2001. “Spiritual Warfare Today.†A Course, Kaniki Bible College, Ndola.
Mutungu, Derek. 2015. “A Rare Crowning Moment,†Chief Ngabwe New Letter August 29th, 2015: 1–3.
Mwilambwe, Moma N. “Welcome to Kaniki Bible University College.†http://www.kaniki.org/kbuc/about/greeting-principal (accessed July 25, 2016).
Nwaka, Bernard. 2007. Invading the Babylonian System. Lusaka: Campus Voice Publishers.
Omenyo Cephas N. 2006. “William Seymour and African Pentecostal Historiography: The Case of Ghana.†AJPS 9(2): 244–2581.
Osborn, T. L. 1967. Soul Winning: Out Where the Sinners Are. Tulsa, OK: TL Osborn Ministries.
PAOG-Z. no date. The Constitution and By-Laws of PAOG-Z. Lusaka: PAOG-Z.
Pedersen, John. Developing Your Potential: Daring Dedication Discipleship Discipline Doctrine Difficulties Desire Determination (Mustang: Tate Publishing and Enterprise, 2011).
Range, Terrance. 1975. “The Mwana Lesa Movement of 1925.†in Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa edited by Terence O. Ranger and John C. Weller 45–75. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California.
Rasmus, Lodewikus J. “Theological Education in the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa.†PhD thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Richards, Audrey I. 1935. “A Modern Movement of Witch-Finders.†Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 8(4): 448–461.
Simbao, Ruth. 2014. "Cosmological Efficacy and the Politics of Sacred Place: Soli Rainmaking in Contemporary Zambia."African Arts 47(3): 40–57.
Soko, L. and H. J. Hendriks. 2011. “Pentecostalism and Schisms in the Reformed Church in Zambia (1996–2001): Listening to the People.†HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 67 (3) (accessed July 25, 2016). Art. #1016, 8, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v67i3.1016,
Stewart, Adam. 2015. The New Canadian Pentecostals. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Suckling, Gordon. 1992. Casting out Demons: The Ministry of Casting out Demons in the Name of Jesus in the Context of the African Republic of Zambia. Southampton: Gordon Suckling.
Sundkler, Bengt. 1976. Zulu Zion and some Swazi Zionists. London: Oxford University.
Synan, Vinson. 2001. In the Latter Days: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the Twentieth Century. Fairfax: Xulon Press.
TACU. “About TACU.†http://tacuzambia.org/about.php, (accessed October 17, 2016).
Tatum, Rich. 2008. “All You Need to Know about the Assemblies of God.†http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/septemberweb-only/138-21.0.html, (accessed July 22, 2016).
Tembo, Mwizenge S. 2012. Satisfying Zambian Hunger for Culture: Social Change in the Global World. Bloomington, IN: XLIBRIS.
Ter Haar, Gerrie. 1992. Spirit of Africa: The Healing Ministry of Archbishop Milingo of Zambia. London: C. Hurst and Co.
Togarasei, Lovemore. “Cursed be the Past! Tradition and Modernity among (Modern) Pentecostal(s) Charismatics.†BOLESWA Occasional Papers in Theology and Religion: 109–118.
Van der Meer, Erwin. 2008. "The Strategic Level Spiritual Warfare Theology of C. Peter Wagner and its Implications for Christian Mission in Malawi.†PhD thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Wagner, Peter. 1992. Warfare Prayer. Ventura: Regal.
Wagner, Peter. 1993. Breaking Strongholds in Your City. Ventura: Regal.
Wagner, Peter. 1996. Confronting the Powers. Ventura, CA: Regal Books.
Womack, David A. 1968. The Wellsprings of the Pentecostal Movement. Springfield, MO: Gospel Publishing House.
Wonsuk, Maa. “The Korean Pentecostal Movement: Retrospect and Prospect for the New Century, Part II.†Australasian Pentecostal Studies, http://aps-journal.com/aps/index.php/APS/article/view/56/53, (accessed July 20, 2016).
ZAOG. “Zimbabwe Assemblies of God Africa (Religious Movement).†http://what-when-how.com/religious-movements/zimbabwe-assemblies-of-god-africa-religious-movement/, (accessed July 25, 2016).
